Between 1865 and 1898 the US economy grew at the fastest rate in its history with real wages, wealth, GDP, and capital formation all increasing rapidly:
- Wheat production increased by 256%
- Corn production increased by 222%
- Coal production increased by 800%
- Miles of railway track increased by 567% – railroad mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880 and had tripled again by 1920
- American steel production surpassed the combined total of Britain, Germany, and France
There were several reasons why the US economy grew so fast in the period between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century, among them were: The opening of the Western frontier
- The opening of the Western frontier
- The discovery of rich mineral resources
- The increasing population
- The ability to attract capital
A modern industrial economy based on a new national transportation and communication network was being created. By the beginning of the 20th century per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain.
By 1906 the annual rate of US capital formation was running at $5 billion. This rapid expansion went hand in hand with the creation of enormous industrial and financial monopolies. In 1893 Drexel, Morgan & Company became J.P. Morgan & Company, America’s premier investment bank. By 1904, more than 1,800 companies had been consolidated into 93 corporations, a financial consolidation led by J. Pierpont Morgan.
J.P. Morgan created United States Steel in 1901 – the first American corporation with a capitalization exceeding one billion dollars. Morgan was also responsible for General Electric, International Harvester and the reorganization of American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T).
The Mellon brothers – Andrew and Richard – were major stockholders in Gulf Oil Corporation and Aluminum Company of America. With an aggregate wealth exceeding one billion dollars before the stock market crash of 1929 they were the wealthiest bankers of the era.
Moses Taylor made himself a 40 million dollar fortune by building City Bank into New York's largest.
James Stillman built the assets of National City Bank to one billion dollars.
George Fisher Baker became the largest shareholder of First National Bank of New York (today known as Citicorp) and was head of the bank from 1877 until his death in 1930.
August Belmont was one of the most influential Jewish bankers in America and an agent of the Rothschilds.
The Seligmans established J & W Seligman & Company, an international banking house.
Founded by Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb in 1867, Kuhn, Loeb & Co of New York was the largest and most influential of the American Jewish banking houses. Kuhn, Loeb & Company was related to the house of M.M. Warburg of Hamburg, Germany.
Gild – to cover with, or as if with a thin layer of gold, to give an often deceptively attractive or improved appearance to.
Mark Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age” – meaning that the period was golden on the surface but underneath the thin veneer was a cesspool of greed and graft, shady business practices, scandal plagued politics and overt displays of upper class consumerism and materialism.
Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish threw a dinner party to honor her dog who wore a $15,000 diamond collar to the event. A lucky dog was sporting diamonds while 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year in 1880 – their average annual income was $380 which was well below the poverty line.
Rural Americans had moved to the cities seeking jobs, new immigrants came into the country by the millions and joined them. Massive and filthy slums teeming with crime were the new home for millions of factory workers.
Government corruption was rampant and extended to the highest levels of government – ie President Ulysses S. Grant and his cabinet were implicated in the Credit Mobilier, the Gold Conspiracy, the Whiskey Ring, and the notorious Salary Grab.
Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to form labor unions. On January 13, 1874 over 7,000 workers gathered in New York’s Tompkins Square Park – the largest demonstration that New York City had ever seen.
Roughly 1600 policemen were stationed in the surrounding area.
Shortly after 10 a.m., police entered the square and dispersed most of the crowd by brutally beating them with clubs. Other police on horseback cleared the surrounding streets.
"Mounted police charged the crowd on Eighth Street, riding them down and attacking men, women, and children without discrimination." Samuel Gompers, legendary labor leader
The Tompkins Square riot marked the beginning of an unprecedented era of labor conflict and violence. Workers frequently went on strike using their only bargaining power – their own labor. There were almost ten thousand strikes and lockouts in the 1880s with 700,000 workers striking in 1886 alone.
People feared a second Civil War – not North against South – but government against citizen. Labors unrest was just getting organized, the most violent labor conflicts in the nation's history were still on the horizon and the government was fully prepared to respond with force.
If we stop looking in the rear view mirror right here and fast forward to the future we’re struck by the many similarities to today’s present conditions.
We have at least equaled or exceeded the extremes of inequality achieved by our late 19th century predecessors. The comparisons between Twain’s Gilded Age and our present circumstances are numerous: crony capitalism and government, the mortgage and banking crisis, tax breaks, the creation of complex financial instruments, small factories and workshops closing, unemployment exploding, unemployed workers demonstrating, corruption, ostentatious spending, wage depression, massive urbanization and the use of police, armed force, to break up demonstrations.
But something stands head and shoulders above the rest – income disparity.
"For at least the last 30 years, it has been assumed by almost everyone — economists, politicians, civil servants — that if the finance industry is doing well, that must mean customers (and society more generally) were benefiting." The Civitas think-tank, You’re On Your Own
Unfortunately the United States is the most economically stratified society in the western world. As of 2008 the top .01 percent, or 14,000 American families hold 22.2 percent of the country’s wealth – the bottom 90 percent, or over 133 million families hold just four percent of the nation's wealth – collectively the top 300,000 Americans have almost as much income as the bottom 150 million.
The average pay per employee – which takes in secretaries, clerks, tellers and janitors – at the five biggest American banks last year was $336,000.
Below is the total compensation, for 2007, for some top bank executives whose banks received the first government aid monies given out through TARP.
Bank of America Kenneth D. Lewis Chairman and CEO $24.8 million
Citigroup Gary Crittenden Chief Financial Officer $19.4 million
Citigroup Charles Prince Former Chairman and CEO $15.1 million
Goldman Sachs Lloyd C. Blankfein Chairman and CEO $70.3 million
Goldman Sachs Gary D. Cohn President and Chief Operating Officer $72.5m
Goldman Sachs Jon Winkelried President and Chief Operating Officer $71.5m
Goldman Sachs David A. Viniar Chief Financial Officer $58.5 million
Goldman Sachs Edward C. Forst Chief Administrative Officer $49.1 million
JP Morgan Chase James Dimon Chairman and CEO $27.8 million
JP Morgan Chase Steven D. Black Co-CEO Investment Bank $20.9 million
JP Morgan Chase James E. Staley CEO Asset Management $16.7 million
JP Morgan Chase William T. Winters Co-CEO Investment Bank $21.2 million
Merrill Lynch John A. Thain Chief Executive Officer $17.3 million
Merrill Lynch Gregory J. Fleming President & Chief Operating Officer $27.4m
Merrill Lynch E. Stanley O’Neal Former Chief Executive Officer $24.3m
Merrill Lynch Dow Kim Former Executive Vice President $14.5 million
Morgan Stanley Colm Kelleher Chief Financial Officer $21 million
Morgan Stanley David H. Sidwell Former Chief Financial Officer $14.6 million
Morgan Stanley Robert W. Scully Co-President $15.2 million
Morgan Stanley Gary G. Lynch Chief Legal Officer $11.9 million
New York Mellon Bank Robert P. Kelly Chief Executive Officer $20.1 million
New York Mellon Bank Thomas A. Renyi Executive Chairman $22.2 million
New York Mellon Bank Gerald L. Hassell President $11.8 million
New York Mellon Bank Steven G. Elliott Senior Vice Chairman $19.7 million
New York Mellon Bank Ronald P. O'Hanley Vice Chairman $11.5 million
State Street Corp. Ronald E. Logue Chief Executive Officer $28.3 million
State Street Corp. Joseph L. Hooley Vice Chairman $10.3 million
Wells Fargo Richard M. Kovacevich Chairman $22.9 million
Wells Fargo John G. Stumpf President & Chief Executive Officer $12.6 million
In 2010, the top 20% of Americans earned 49.4% of the nation’s income.
According to a AFL-CIO analysis of 299 companies in the S&P 500 Index CEOs of the largest companies received, on average, $11.4 million in total compensation for 2010. CEOs of the 299 companies in the AFL-CIO Executive PayWatch database received a combined total of $3.4 billion in pay in 2010, enough to support 102,325 jobs paying the median wages for all workers.
"Americans have the highest income inequality in the rich world and over the past 20–30 years Americans have also experienced the greatest increase in income inequality among rich nations. The more detailed the data we can use to observe this change, the more skewed the change appears to be … the majority of large gains are indeed at the top of the distribution." Economist Timothy Smeeding, Social Science Quarterly
Income disparity, and Tompkins Square, should be on every ones radar screen, while history might not repeat exactly it certainly does rhyme. Are these issues on your radar screen?
If not, maybe they should be.
www.aheadoftheherd.com
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Richard Mills has based this document on information obtained from sources he believes to be reliable but which has not been independently verified; Richard Mills makes no guarantee, representation or warranty and accepts no responsibility or liability as to its accuracy or completeness. Expressions of opinion are those of Richard Mills only and are subject to change without notice. Richard Mills assumes no warranty, liability or guarantee for the current relevance, correctness or completeness of any information provided within this Report and will not be held liable for the consequence of reliance upon any opinion or statement contained herein or any omission.
Furthermore, I, Richard Mills, assume no liability for any direct or indirect loss or damage or, in particular, for lost profit, which you may incur as a result of the use and existence of the information provided within this Report.
