The amount would ensure the enforcement of any potential fine or forfeiture of assets, rights and values related to the disaster.

Overall production fell 18%, with diamonds, platinum, palladium, iron ore, coal and manganese all falling, while copper and nickel rose.

The company was hit by covid-19 disruptions and dispute in Papua New Guinea.

Almost half of White & Case survey respondents see increased taxation as the way resource nationalism is most likely to manifest itself in the wake of covid-19.

In total, $8.84 billion in mining revenue is at-risk, with disruptions to 275 mine sites in 36 countries.