According to Forjando Futuros foundation, the forced displacement was ordered by the companies but executed by either the National Army or the guerrilla.
The Star and Porcher vanadium properties cover a combined 67.4 sq. km in northwest B.C., near the small logging community of Oona River on Porcher Island.
State authorities permanently shut down the Tamil Nadu plant after police fired on protesters calling for the closure of the plant in May over concerns it was polluting their air and water.
Vale needs to sort out once and for all its problem child, Goro, and keep its fingers crossed that Tsingshan's announcement is, for now at least, "just talk".
The violations were the result of the South African miner failing to meet its regulatory obligations in relation to its undertaking to pay an exclusivity fee to the sellers of Vametco.