The decision comes after eight years of rigorous inter-agency federal permitting, and was the last federal permit required to progress towards construction.
The $1.73 billion worth of nickel contained in EVs sold this year for the first time exceeds battery lithium amounts, despite faster global adoption of nickel-free power packs.
Demand for physical settlement, the dominance of large-scale traders and opaque transactions all combine to pose a wider threat if things go awry, ECB economists wrote.