Productivity is the current catch phrase for the mining industry, and energy productivity has a large role to play where low grade ore bodies are processed in remote locations.
At least 1.6-million people live in informal settlements around Johannesburg, many of them on or near mine waste sites, plagued by illegal miners and controlled by armed bands.
The former president says lack of immediate benefits for communities has driven mining opposition causing the country to lose billions worth of gold and copper projects.